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Service-learning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A Service Learning Project at Butam organized by MaxPac Travel for Catholic Junior College students. January 15, 2009. Tay Yong Seng.

Service-learning is an educational approach that uses community service to meet both classroom learning objectives and societal needs. It has been used with students of all grades and stages. Projects based in communities are designed to apply classroom learning to create positive change in the community and often involve community organisations.[1]

Service learning combines experiential learning and community service.[2]

Definitions

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According to Andrew Furco, service-learning "occurs when there is a balance between learning goals and service outcomes."[3] Other authors, including the National Youth Leadership Council, emphasize the same balance.[4][5] Robert Sigmon conceives the variety of service-learning projects found on college campuses in terms of variations in that balance: i.e. whether learning goals or service goals are primary, secondary, of equal importance, or completely separate.[6]

The student is also expected to learn by acting in the world and considering the results of their action. As a process of learning, this has long-established theoretical and empirical bases. According to Barbara Jacoby, therefore, service-learning "is based on the work of researchers and theorists on learning, including John Dewey, Jean Piaget, Kurt Lewin, Donald Schon, and David Kolb, who believe that people learn through combinations of action and reflection."[7] Related areas of academic practice, such as Action Research and Reflective Practice, emphasize the relationship between learner and community, or researcher and researched,[8][9] with a view to creating change beyond the school, rather than only creating knowledge.

History

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The term service-learning originated in and spread from the USA[10] and is often discussed in the context of American colleges and schools. Much of its history is therefore American.

In American education

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In one early account, in the late 1960s federal monies were used for a service-learning internship model by the Southern Regional Education Board. By 1979 the same author claimed "service learning" was being used to describe a number of different volunteer actions and experiential education programs.[11] From 1995 to 1997, 458 universities received grants from the Corporation for National Service under the Learn and Serve Higher Education scheme (see Learn and Serve America), helping create 3,000 new service-learning courses with an average of more than 60 students per course.[12] In 1992, Maryland and the District of Columbia adopted statewide service-learning requirements for high school graduation.[13][14] In 2014 The National Center for Learning and Civic Engagement surveyed all states for their service-learning policies.[15] However, while service-learning was well-established in American higher education institutions by 2008, it was to be found in less than 30% of K-12 schools according to Furco and Root.[16]

Benefits

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The benefits of service-learning for the participating student are better-documented than the benefits to the communities in which the service occurs.[17]

Students' development

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Students have reported developing personal leadership skills,[18] skills in working with others, including greater interaction with faculty[12]: 45–52 , and the development of more meaning and purpose in study.[12] Academically, there is evidence of improved understanding of classroom studies, the application of theory, critical thinking and analysis.[17] Other personal growth outcomes may include self-knowledge, spiritual growth, the reward of helping others, career benefits including careers in service, and changes in personal efficacy[12]: 35–39 

Experience in communities may result in experience of different cultures. In one survey of service-learning students, "57 percent reported that they had frequent chances to work with people from ethnic groups other than their own."[19]: 26  Advocates of service-learning argue that this can help students learn to appreciate their shared humanity[19]: 31  and more effectively serve a broader array of people.[19]: 177–178 

Community development

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Service-learning contributes to the presence of more volunteers, which enables community organizations to do more[20]: 35–36  and to serve more clients.[21]: 5  Students may supply specific skills they possess to benefit the organization,[22]: 49  and can be a source of new ideas, energy, and enthusiasm.[23]: 33  Through partnering with a college or university, a community organization can gain access to new knowledge and opportunities to connect with other organizations that have partnered with the same school.[20]: 36 

Service-learning may motivate individuals to become better citizens of their communities by cultivating civic and social responsibility,[12]: 12  and through the development of personal relationships.[19]: 56  A service-learning experience may be the catalyst in the life of a student to dive into the complexities of the social issues they have encountered and to seek to develop innovative solutions.[24]

Critiques

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In 1979, Robert Sigmon acknowledged criticisms that called service-learning, "a utopian vision" and "too demanding and impractical."[11]: 11  Towson University Professor John Egger, writing in the Spring 2008 issue of the journal Academic Questions, argued that service learning does not really teach useful skills or develop cultural knowledge. Instead, Egger maintained, service learning mainly involves the inculcation of communitarian political ideologies.[25] Tulane Professor Carl L. Bankston III has described his own university's policy of mandating service learning as the imposition of intellectual conformity by the university administration on both students and faculty. According to Bankston, by identifying specific types of civic engagement as worthy community service, the university was prescribing social and political perspectives. He argued that this was inconsistent with the idea that individuals in a pluralistic society should choose their own civic commitments and that it was contrary to the ideal of the university as a site for the pursuit of truth through the free exchange of ideas.[26]

Communication with faculty is often inconsistent, so organizations do not always understand their roles and the roles of the faculty in students' service projects.[22]: 55–56  Some organizations' representatives stated that faculty assigned students projects that were not allowed in their organization.[20]: 37 Also, the small number of hours students are required to spend volunteering can cause problems for organizations and their clients. Some organizations require more hours for volunteer training than students are required to volunteer,[20]: 39  and making a personal connection with clients only to break it off soon after can be more hurtful than helpful.[22]: 52 

Some scholars argue that service learning in itself only gives students satisfaction without little or no benefit to the communities.[27] Eby makes the claim that traditional service learning has no real connection with communities and their problems.[28] Without addressing the root of social issues, students gain no real understanding of the problems facing the communities in which they volunteer/serve.[27] Instead, they will unknowingly be pawns in the systemic institutions and use their privileges to “preserve” these systems in place.[27] Service-learning has become popularized but it has less focus on the people and more focus on the individual's “good deeds”.[28] Another critique of service learning is that the research focus on this sector is mostly done by scholars, while community locals and organizations are left out from the discussion.[28] These community organizations and partners are left without a voice and there is no connection between the academic learning and the service. The emergence of critical service learning as a new sector addresses some of these critiques of traditional service.

Effectiveness

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Factors

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According to Eyler and Giles Jr., who conducted nationwide studies on service-learning, factors that influence its impact on students include placement quality, duration, and reflection.[12]: 54–56 [29] A recent sample study assessed the benefits of service learning in undergraduate public health education course using the Civic Attitudes and Skills Questionnaire. Overall, students reported increases in their civic attitudes and skills. However, individuals reporting poor team dynamics consistently reported lower levels of improvement than those reporting great team dynamics.[30]

Placement quality

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According to Eyler and Giles, "Placement quality refers to the extent that students in their community placements are challenged, are active rather than observers, do a variety of tasks, feel that they are making a positive contribution, have important levels of responsibility, and receive input and appreciation from supervisors in the field."[12]: 33  According to their research, placement quality has measurable effects on such things as "personal development outcomes," "increased leadership and communication skill," and connection to community, faculty, and other students.[12]: 54–56 


High quality placements are a key to the success of a service-learning program. This requires the service learning establishment to have a broad network of connections within the community. Students must have a positive connection with the establishment they serve, to maximize their learning.[19]: 167–170 

Duration

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In The Importance of Program Quality in Service-Learning, Eyler and Giles state: "a program or a sequence of experiences needs to be of a long enough duration to have a developmental impact."[29] This view is expanded upon by Alexander W. Astin and Linda J. Sax. In their opinion, "the amount of time devoted to providing service carries additional benefits beyond those benefits associated with the type of service performed, especially in the areas of civic responsibility and life skill development."[31]

But how much time is enough? According to J. Beth Mabry, "students should spend at least fifteen to nineteen hours in their service activities to have adequate exposure to the people and issues their service addresses."[32]

Reflection

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An essential feature of service-learning programs, reflection is a period of critical thinking performed by the student. For many advocates of the pedagogy, reflection may symbolize the learning that occurs in the student. Janet Eyler and Dwight E. Giles provide an example of this opinion in their book, Where's the Learning in Service-Learning? when they state: "learning occurs through a cycle of action and reflection, not simply through being able to recount what has been learned through reading and lecture."[12] Also, the National Service Learning Clearinghouse considers reflection a "core component" of service-learning.[33]

It is important to point out the importance of the role of reflection in service-learning. The hyphen in between the service and learning links to the key role of reflection or “learning” after the physical act of service has taken place.[12]

Some higher education programs require a reflection component in their service-learning classes. The University of Minnesota is one such institution that includes required reflection activities with its service learning classes.[24]

Reflection may be done individually or as a group activity. Wartburg College in Indiana published a list of reflection activity suggestions on their website. These included various types of journaling, brainstorming as a group, using quotes, writing essays and papers, structured class discussions, and class presentations among other ideas.[34]

Effective service-learning programs also include required written reflection. Not only does writing permanently record a student's service-learning experience, but it also provides a helpful tool for continued reflection long after the program has been completed. Written reflection assignments also require students to stop, think, and articulate their learning. This evaluation is of incredible value to students.[19]: 171–177 

Cultural applications

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In Native American communities

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Service-learning has been applied across a host of cultural settings, including numerous Native American communities. Guffey (1997) notes credible service learning begins with tribal ways of knowing and value systems, which is to say that outsiders should not impose service learning projects.[35] Rather, tribal communities should devise projects that reflect needs unique to the community being served. This parallels Matthew Fletcher's (2010) assertion that tribes, and other historically marginalized communities, should unique develop educational programs, as opposed to merely adopting Westernized forms of education.[36]

According to this view, service learning provides a pedagogical framework for tribes to address community needs. One such example is provided by Sykes, Pendley, and Deacon (2017) who provide a qualitative case study of a tribally-initiated service learning project embedded within a partnership at a research university.[37] This case is unique in that it recounts how service learning students (who were also tribal members) came to collectively understand their responsibilities of citizenship through service. Moreover, tribal elders came to appreciate the importance of young citizens in maintaining and growing tribal culture. Thus, service learning can also be a means to explore cultural identity.

Religious aspects

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In Where's the Learning in Service-Learning?, Janet Eyler and Dwight E. Giles Jr. wrote, "Although fewer students chose spiritual growth as an important outcome of service-learning—20 percent selecting it as among the most important things they learned and 46 percent selecting it as very or most important—it was important to many students...Some saw service as a definite opportunity to fulfill their religious commitment."[12]: 36, 37 

Uses in academic fields

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Engineering education

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Main article: Service-learning in engineering education

Many engineering faculty members believe the educational solution lies in taking a more constructivist approach, where students construct knowledge and connections between nodes of knowledge as opposed to passively absorbing knowledge. Educators see service learning as a way to both implement a constructivism in engineering education as well as match the teaching styles to the learning styles of typical engineering students. As a result, many engineering schools have begun to integrate service learning into their curricula and there is now a journal dedicated to service learning in engineering.[38]


Variations of service-learning

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eService-Learning

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eService-Learning is either an online course that embeds service-learning into the curriculum or a traditional course where the service-learning action takes place online.[39]

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the availability of online courses, service-learning has been increasingly integrated online.[citation needed] There are four types based on Faulconer's research.[40] Type I eService-Learning has online course curriculum that involves some type of onsite service. Type II eService-Learning is an onsite course with online service-learning. Type III eService-Learning is a hybrid (traditional and online format) mixed with online service. Type IV eService-Learning (extreme service learning) is fully online.[41]

Reflection

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Online reflection assignments can be completed in multiple formats, including online discussion boards. This format allows students to participate in discussions with their peers regarding eService-Learning based on an instructor's prompted questions.[42] Classes utilizing eService-Learning may also use Social Networking Services (SNS) as another form of online discussion. Examples of apps which have been used for this purpose include WhatsApp, Slack and Trello.

Advantages

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Over time, educators have noticed the value of incorporating service-learning online.[43] Students have the ability to meet with nonprofit organizations and other stakeholders through Zoom and/or Google Chat to collaborate when it is inconvenient or impossible to do so in person. Service-learning can be applied to students who have difficulties being in the traditional classroom, such as disabled students and rural students.[44] Students can complete service-learning projects in any location and can make a direct impact in their own communities.

Nielson (2016) argues that online service-learning (aka e-learning) helps students take responsibility for their own education.[45] A study of 81 students in an online business class found "that hours completed exceeded those assigned, and students identified outcomes for themselves, their university, and nonprofit organizations where they served" (p. 80).[46] Another study involving 35 students demonstrated that e-learning fosters the development of generic skills, including global citizenship, adaptability, and teamwork.[47]

Comprehensive Action Plan for Service Learning (CAPSL)

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CAPSL Identifies four constituencies on which a program for service learning must focus its principal activities: institution, faculty, students, and community.

CAPSL also identifies a sequence of activities (Planning, awareness, prototype, resources, expansion,; recognition, monitoring, evaluation, research, and institutionalization) to pursue for each of the four constituencies (institution, faculty, students, and community).

CAPSL provides a heuristic for guiding the development of a service learning program in higher education. It is general enough that the execution of each cell can be tailored to local conditions, however, it is not possible to detail how each step can be successfully accomplished to take the sequence of activities from the whole CAPSL model and apply it to any cell in the matrix.[48]

Critical service learning

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Critical service learning allows students to take their learning discourses and use it to connect to their personal experiences for social development and the welfare of others[49] “Critical service learning forces students to see themselves as “agents of social change” and use their experiences of service to address and respond to injustice in their communities”.[27] This sector's main focus is to address political and social power relations and how it leads to the systemic inequalities that marginalized communities face. The goal is to connect students' services to their learning discourses. Critical service learning gives students the chance to ask themselves how their services create political and social change in these communities.

According to Mitchell, there are three different approaches required to achieve a critical learning service status. These are: redistributing power to marginalized groups of people; developing meaningful partnerships with community members/partners and those in the classroom; and, approaching service learning through the lens of making impactful social change.[27]

Notable people

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Alexander Astin, founding director of the Cooperative Institutional Research Program and the Higher Education Research Institute, formed a Theory of Involvement which explains how student involvement in co-curricular activities positively affects college outcomes.[50] Through a 1998 study of college seniors, Astin demonstrated that service greatly improves critical thinking skills.[51]

Nadinne I. Cruz: works as an independent consultant.[52] She gained enthusiasm for the cause of service learning through her work in the Philippines.[53] Now, she is an advocate of service learning who argues that only a small portion of skills needed to address life's problems can be learned through traditional academia. Other skills, such as courage, forgiveness, and stewarding the earth, must be learned elsewhere. Therefore, she recommends service learning and community engagement, which “offer learning with and from wise people, who teach by example.”[54]

Andrew Furco: Associate Vice President for Public Engagement at the University of Minnesota and a professor.[55] Furco has contributed a variety of literature to service learning, including two books: Service-Learning: The Essence of the Pedagogy and Service-Learning Through a Multidisciplinary Lens, which he co-authored with S. Billig.[56] He gives five reasons engagement programs differ from engaged universities: “Engagement differs from outreach… is at the heart of the university’s identity… focuses on partnerships… is with, not to, for, or in communities… is about institutional transformation.”[57]

James Kielsmeier: Founded the National Youth Leadership Council, a nonprofit that became the service-learning movement.[58] Kielsmeier posits that service learning involves a change in how schools see young people: from “resource users, recipients, and victims” to “contributors, givers, and leaders.”[59]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Knapp, Timothy D.; Bradley J. Fisher (2010). "The Effectiveness of Service-Learning: It's not always what you think". Journal of Experiential Education. 33 (3): 208–224. doi:10.5193/JEE33.3.208.
  2. ^ Perez, Shivaun (2000). "Assessing Service Learning Using Pragmatic Principles of Education: A Texas Charter School Case Study". Applied Research Projects. Paper 76. Texas State University. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
  3. ^ Furco, Andrew (October 2011). ""Service-Learning": A Balanced Approach to Experiential Education" (PDF). The International Journal for Global and Development Education Research: 71–76. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  4. ^ "K–12 Service-Learning Standards for Quality Practice" (PDF). National Youth Leadership Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 11, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  5. ^ Jacoby, Barbara (1996). Service-Learning in Higher Education: Concepts and Practices. Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0787902919.
  6. ^ Sigmon, Robert (1997). Linking Service with Learning in Liberal Arts Education (Report). Council of Independent Colleges, Washington, DC. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  7. ^ Lukenchuk, Antonina; Jagla, Virginia; Eigel, Matthew. "Service-Learning Faculty Manual" (PDF). National Louis University. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 7, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  8. ^ Eatman, Timothy K.; Ivory, Gaelle; Saltmarsh, John; Middleton, Michael; Wittman, Amanda; Dolgon, Corey (April 2018). "Co-Constructing Knowledge Spheres in the Academy: Developing Frameworks and Tools for Advancing Publicly Engaged Scholarship". Urban Education. 53 (4): 532–561. doi:10.1177/0042085918762590. ISSN 0042-0859. S2CID 150220178.
  9. ^ Powell, Katrina; Takayoshi, Pamela (2003). "Accepting the Roles Created for Us:The Ethics of Reciprocity" (PDF). College Composition and Communication. 54 (3): 394–422. doi:10.2307/3594171. JSTOR 3594171 – via JSTOR.
  10. ^ Thomson, Ann Marie; Smith-Tolken, Antoinette R.; Naidoo, Anthony V.; Bringle, Robert G. (2011-06-01). "Service Learning and Community Engagement: A Comparison of Three National Contexts". VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. 22 (2): 214–237. doi:10.1007/s11266-010-9133-9. ISSN 1573-7888.
  11. ^ a b Sigmon, Robert (Spring 1979). "Service-Learning: Three Principles" (PDF). Synergist: 9–11. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Eyler, Janet; Giles Jr., Dwight E. (23 April 1999). Where's the Learning in Service-Learning (1st ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-470-90746-7.
  13. ^ "Graduation Requirements". Maryland Department of Education.
  14. ^ "DCPS Community Service Guide 2011–2012" (PDF). District of Columbia Public Schools. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  15. ^ "High School Graduation Requirement or Credit toward Graduation — Service-Learning/Community Service". Education Commission of the States (ECS). January 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  16. ^ Furco, Andrew; Root, Susan; Furco, Anthony (2010). "Research Demonstrates the Value of Service Learning". The Phi Delta Kappan. 91 (5): 16–20. ISSN 0031-7217.
  17. ^ a b Jacoby, Barbara (2015). Service-learning essentials: questions, answers, and lessons learned. The Jossey-Bass higher and adult education series. Jeffrey Howard. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-94401-1.
  18. ^ Alexander W. Astin; Lori J. Vogelgesang; Elaine K. Ikeda; Jennifer A. Yee. "How Service Learning Affects Students". Digital Commons. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Eyler, Janet & Giles, Dwight E. (2007). Where's the Learning in Service-Learning?. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  20. ^ a b c d Sandy, Marie; Holland, Barbara A. (Fall 2006). "Different Worlds and Common Ground: Community Partner Perspectives on Campus-Community Partnerships". Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning. 13 (1): 30–43. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  21. ^ Barrientos, Perla. "Community Service Learning and its Impact on Community Agencies: An Assessment Study" (PDF). www.sfsu.edu. San Francisco State University. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  22. ^ a b c Tryon, Elizabeth; Stoecker, Randy (September 2008). "The Unheard Voices: Community Organizations and Service-Learning". Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement. 12 (3). Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  23. ^ Vernon, Andrea; Ward, Kelly (1999). "Campus and Community Partnerships: Assessing Impacts and Strengthening Connections". Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning. 6 (1). Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  24. ^ a b "Reflection in service-learning classes". Center for Community-Engaged Learning. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
  25. ^ Egger, John (2008). "No Service to Learning: 'Service-Learning' Reappraised" (PDF). Academic Questions. 21 (2): 183–194. doi:10.1007/s12129-008-9057-7 (inactive 1 November 2024). S2CID 59038318.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  26. ^ Carl L. Bankston III (31 May 2016). "Modern Orthodoxies".
  27. ^ a b c d e Mitchell, Tania (2008). "Traditional vs. critical service-learning: Engaging the literature to differentiate two models". Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning 14.2. 14 (2): 50–65.
  28. ^ a b c Eby, John (1998), Why Service Learning is Bad
  29. ^ a b Eyler, Janet; Giles Jr., Dwight (1997). "The Importance of Program Quality in Service-Learning". In Waterman, Alan S. (ed.). Service-Learning: Applications From the Research. New York, NY: Psychology Press. p. 59.
  30. ^ Chavez-Yenter, Daniel; Hearld, Kristine Ria; Badham, Amy; Budhwani, Henna (13 November 2015). "Service-Learning in Undergraduate Global Health Education: The Effect of Team Dynamics on Civic Attitudes and Skills". The International Journal of Research on Service-Learning and Community Engagement. 3 (1). doi:10.37333/001c.21578. ISSN 2374-9466.
  31. ^ Astin, Alexander W.; Sax, Linda J. (1998). "How Undergraduates are Affected by Service Participation". Journal of College Student Development: 260.
  32. ^ Mabry, J. Beth (1998). "Pedagogical Variations in Service-Learning and Student Outcomes". Michigan Journal of Community Service-Learning: 41.
  33. ^ "Service Learning: Reflection in Higher Education Service-Learning". Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
  34. ^ Robin R. Jones. "Service-Learning Reflection Activities" (PDF). Wartburg College. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2012. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
  35. ^ Guffey, John (1997). "Turtle Island Project: Service-Learning in Native Communities". In Erickson, Joseph A.; Anderson, Jeffrey B. (eds.). Learning with the Community: Concepts and Models for Service-Learning in Teacher Education. AAHE's Series on Service-Learning in the Disciplines. Stylus Publishing, LLC. ISBN 9781563770111.
  36. ^ Fletcher, Matthew (30 May 2008). American Indian Education: Counternarratives in Racism, Struggle, and the Law. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415957359.
  37. ^ Sykes, Brent E.; Pendley, Joy; Deacon, Zermarie (22 June 2017). "Transformative learning, tribal membership and cultural restoration: A case study of an embedded Native American service-learning project at a research university". Gateways: International Journal of Community Research and Engagement. 10: 204–28. doi:10.5130/ijcre.v10i1.5334 – via epress.lib.uts.edu.au.
  38. ^ International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, retrieved 2024-10-03
  39. ^ Strait & Sauer, Jean & Tim (2023). "Constructing Experiential Learning for Online Courses: The Birth of E-Service A lack of service-learning programs for online courses prompted the creation of e-service to provide experiential learning opportunities". Educause Quarterly: 62–65.
  40. ^ Faulconer, Emily (2021-04-03). "eService-Learning: A Decade of Research in Undergraduate Online Service–learning". American Journal of Distance Education. 35 (2): 100–117. doi:10.1080/08923647.2020.1849941. ISSN 0892-3647. S2CID 230540426.
  41. ^ Waldner, McGorry, & Widener, L, S, M (2010). "Extreme e-service learning (XE-SL): E-service learning in the 100% online course". Journal of Online Learning and Teaching. 6 (4): 839–851.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ Doulatabadi, M.; Yusof, S. M. (May 2016). "Sustained Quality Award Status in Developing Country: A Study on the Dubai Quality Award Recipients". 2016 International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Management Science and Application (ICIMSA). IEEE. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1109/icimsa.2016.7504036. ISBN 978-1-5090-1671-6. S2CID 25518080.
  43. ^ McGorry, Sue Y. (2012-06-23). "No Significant Difference in Service Learninng Online". Online Learning. 16 (4). doi:10.24059/olj.v16i4.218. ISSN 2472-5730.
  44. ^ Bourelle, Tiffany (2014-10-01). "Adapting Service-Learning into the Online Technical Communication Classroom: A Framework and Model". Technical Communication Quarterly. 23 (4): 247–264. doi:10.1080/10572252.2014.941782. ISSN 1057-2252. S2CID 62234740.
  45. ^ Nielsen, Danielle (April 2016). "Facilitating Service Learning in the Online Technical Communication Classroom". Journal of Technical Writing and Communication. 46 (2): 236–256. doi:10.1177/0047281616633600. ISSN 0047-2816. S2CID 111627624.
  46. ^ McWhorter, Rochell; Delello, Julie; Roberts, Paul (2016-01-01). "Giving Back: Exploring Service-Learning in an Online Learning Environment". Education Faculty Publications and Presentations.
  47. ^ Marcus, Valerie Bukas; Atan, Noor Azean; Talib, Rohaya; Latif, Adibah Abdul; Yusof, Sanitah Mohd (2019-10-18). "Promoting Students' Generic Skills with the Integration of e-Service Learning Platform". International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning. 14 (20): 4–17. doi:10.3991/ijet.v14i20.11455. ISSN 1863-0383. S2CID 208107376.
  48. ^ Robert, G. Bringle; Julie A. Hatcher (March–April 1996). "Implementing Service Learning in Higher Education" (PDF). Journal of Higher Education. 67 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-18.
  49. ^ Kraft, Richard J. (February 1996). "Service Learning". Education and Urban Society. 28 (2): 131–159. doi:10.1177/0013124596028002001. ISSN 0013-1245. S2CID 143302144.
  50. ^ "Alexander Astin's Theory of Involvement". Student Development Theory. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  51. ^ Eyler, Janet; Giles, Dwight E. Jr. (1999). Where's the Learning in Service-Learning? (1st ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. ISBN 0-7879-4483-1.
  52. ^ Thomas, Melissa. "About Nadinne Cruz". Carleton. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  53. ^ McCaffrey, Meg. "Nadinne Cruz, renowned practitioner and advocate of service learning, to be involved in major Fairfield University initiative". Fairfield University. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  54. ^ "TEDxPioneerValley - Nadinne Cruz - Education on Fire.mov". YouTube. 25 February 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  55. ^ "Faculty & Instructors". University of Minnesota. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  56. ^ "Andrew Furco". The Taillores Network. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  57. ^ Maynard, Meleah. "Awesomely Urban: A Conversation with Andrew Furco". University of Minnesota Alumni Association. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  58. ^ "Founder". National Youth Leadership Council. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  59. ^ "Service and schools -- partnership on purpose: Jim Kielsmeier at TEDxFargo". YouTube. 14 October 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2018.

Further reading

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